TRANSLANGUAGING AS STRATEGY IN IMPROVING INTERACTIONS IN EFL CLASS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS AND TEACHER IN SD N 5 KAMPUNG BARU
Keywords:
translanguaging; classroom interaction; English language learning; classroom action research.
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the implementation of a translanguaging strategy to improve classroom interaction in English learning. It also explored students’ and teacher’s perceptions of the strategy and the challenges encountered during its implementation. This study employed Classroom Action Research (CAR) conducted in two cycles consisting of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting stages. The participants were students in a junior high school English classroom. Data were collected through classroom observations, questionnaires, interviews, and a teacher’s diary. The data were analyzed to examine changes in classroom interaction and participants’ perceptions of translanguaging. The findings revealed that translanguaging improved classroom interaction throughout the research cycles, with the overall classroom interaction score reaching 83.58%, indicating a high level of interaction. Students became more confident and actively participated in classroom communication. Both students and the teacher expressed positive perceptions of translanguaging, reporting that it facilitated lesson comprehension and encouraged participation. However, challenges remained in balancing the use of Indonesian and English during classroom interaction. Overall, translanguaging proved to be an effective strategy for enhancing classroom interaction in English learning.
References
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Artini, L. P., & Padmadewi, N. N. (2019). Developing communicative competence through classroom interaction. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 123–134.
Artini, L. P., Padmadewi, N. N., & Ratminingsih, N. M. (2018). Language use and student engagement in EFL classrooms. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Applied Linguistics, 77–85.
Aydin Yazici, E. (2024). Translanguaging In Action: Reshaping Teacher-Child Interactions And Fostering Willingness To Communicate In Bilingual Classrooms. Retrieved https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385145219
Banks, J. A. (2016). Cultural Diversity and Education.
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Bonacina-Pugh, F., da Costa Cabral, I., & Huang, J. (2021). Translanguaging in Education. Language Teaching, 54(4), 439–471. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444821000173
Canagarajah, S. (2011). Translanguaging in the classroom: Emerging issues for research and pedagogy. Applied Linguistics Review, 2(2011), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110239331.1
Cummins, J. (1979). Linguistic Interdependence and the Educational Development of Bilingual Children. Review of Educational Research, 49(2), 222–251.
Cummins, J. (2007). Language, Power and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire. Multilingual Matters.
De Guzman, M. L. (2025). Breaking Language Barriers: The Impact of Translanguaging on Student Engagement and ESL Confidence. American Journal of Education and Technology, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.54536/ajet.v4i4.4969
Efendi, M. (2024). Translanguaging in EFL Classroom: Reasons and Impacts.
Emilia, E., & Hamied, F. A. (2022). Translanguaging Practices In A Tertiary EFL Context In Indonesia. Teflin Journal, 33(1), 47–74. https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v33i1/47-74
Garcia, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Language, Bilingualism and Education.
García, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137385765
García, O., & Wei, L. (2015). Translanguaging, Bilingualism, and Bilingual Education. In O. García, A. M. Y. Lin, & S. May (Eds.), The Handbook of Bilingual and Multilingual Education (pp. 223–240). Wiley-Blackwell.
Jegede, O. (2020). Translanguaging as a Pedagogical Strategy in Bilingual Primary Classrooms in Nigeria. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Dasar Indonesia, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.51574/judikdas.v4i1.2455
Krashen, S. D. (1982a). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Pergamon Press.
Krashen, S. D. (1982b). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Pergamon Press.
Liando, N. V. F., Tatipang, D. P., & Lengkoan, F. (2022). A Study of Translanguaging Practices in an EFL Classroom in Indonesian Context: A Multilingual Concept. Research and Innovation in Language Learning, 5(2), 167. https://doi.org/10.33603/rill.v5i2.6986
Liu, Y., & Fang, F. (2022). Translanguaging Theory and Practice: How Stakeholders Perceive Translanguaging as a Practical Theory of Language. RELC Journal, 53(2), 391–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688220939222
Padmadewi, N. N. (2017). Classroom communication strategies in EFL teaching. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Indonesia, 5(1), 45–53.
Padmadewi, N. N., Artini, L. P., & Ratminingsih, N. M. (2018). Teaching English as a foreign language in Indonesia. Undiksha Press.
Pakpahan, C. L. (2025). Teacher’s Translanguaging Practice in EFL Classroom Interaction in a Junior High School. TRANSFORM: Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 14(3), 146–153. https://doi.org/10.24114/tj.v14i3.68751
Petrovic, J. E., & Olmstead, S. (2001). Language, power, and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossfire, by J. Cummins. Bilingual Research Journal, 25(3), 405–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2001.10162800
Putrawan, G. E. (2022). Gede Eka Putrawan Translanguaging Practices in EFL Classrooms: Evidence From Indonesia Translanguaging Practices In EFL Classrooms: Evidence From Indonesia.
Rasmin, L. O., & Nur, S. (2023). Copyright©2023 La Ode Rasmin, Sahril Nur Translanguaging In EFL Classroom And Its Impact On Student’s Performance At A Secondary School Level: A Systematic Review. 7(1).
Ratminingsih, N. M. (2017). EFL teaching strategies in Indonesian context. Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Teaching, 112–118.
Ratminingsih, N. M., Artini, L. P., & Padmadewi, N. N. (2020). Interactive teaching strategies in EFL classrooms. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Undiksha, 8(1), 1–10.
Ratminingsih, N. M., Padmadewi, N. N., & Artini, L. P. (2018). Translanguaging in EFL classroom: Practices and functions. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Undiksha, 6(2), 101–110.
Ratminingsih, N. M., Padmadewi, N. N., & Artini, L. P. (2019). Teachers’ strategies in managing classroom interaction in EFL context. International Journal of Language Education, 3(2), 88–98.
Sari, M., & Syafryadin, S. (2024). Students’ Perception of Using Translanguaging Strategies in EFL Class Discussion. English Education: Jurnal Tadris Bahasa Inggris, 17(2), 233. https://doi.org/10.24042/ee-jtbi.v17i2.22565
Tai, K. W. H., & Wong, C. Y. C. (2023). Empowering Students Through the Construction of a Translanguaging Space in an English as a First Language Classroom. Applied Linguistics, 44(6), 1100–1151. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amac069
Thi Thu Ha, T., Thi Ngoc Phan, -Thach, & Hoang Anh, -Tran. (2021). The Importance of Translanguaging in Improving Fluency In Speaking Ability of Non-English Major Sophomores.
Tristin Puspitasari, P., & Sugirin, S. (2024). Translanguaging Used in Speaking Class of Non-Formal Education Program: Students’ and Teachers’ Perceptions. International Journal of Contemporary Studies in Education (IJ-CSE), 3(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.56855/ijcse.v3i1.885
Vogel, S., & García, O. (2017). Translanguaging. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.181
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press.
Wei, L. (2018a). Translanguaging as a Practical Theory of Language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx039
Wei, L. (2018b). Translanguaging as a Practical Theory of Language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx039
Artini, L. P., & Padmadewi, N. N. (2019). Developing communicative competence through classroom interaction. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 123–134.
Artini, L. P., Padmadewi, N. N., & Ratminingsih, N. M. (2018). Language use and student engagement in EFL classrooms. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Applied Linguistics, 77–85.
Aydin Yazici, E. (2024). Translanguaging In Action: Reshaping Teacher-Child Interactions And Fostering Willingness To Communicate In Bilingual Classrooms. Retrieved https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385145219
Banks, J. A. (2016). Cultural Diversity and Education.
Bonacina-Pugh, F., Cabral, I. da C., & Huang, J. (2021). Translanguaging in Education: A State-of-the-Art Review. Language Teaching.
Bonacina-Pugh, F., da Costa Cabral, I., & Huang, J. (2021). Translanguaging in Education. Language Teaching, 54(4), 439–471. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444821000173
Canagarajah, S. (2011). Translanguaging in the classroom: Emerging issues for research and pedagogy. Applied Linguistics Review, 2(2011), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110239331.1
Cummins, J. (1979). Linguistic Interdependence and the Educational Development of Bilingual Children. Review of Educational Research, 49(2), 222–251.
Cummins, J. (2007). Language, Power and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire. Multilingual Matters.
De Guzman, M. L. (2025). Breaking Language Barriers: The Impact of Translanguaging on Student Engagement and ESL Confidence. American Journal of Education and Technology, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.54536/ajet.v4i4.4969
Efendi, M. (2024). Translanguaging in EFL Classroom: Reasons and Impacts.
Emilia, E., & Hamied, F. A. (2022). Translanguaging Practices In A Tertiary EFL Context In Indonesia. Teflin Journal, 33(1), 47–74. https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v33i1/47-74
Garcia, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Language, Bilingualism and Education.
García, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137385765
García, O., & Wei, L. (2015). Translanguaging, Bilingualism, and Bilingual Education. In O. García, A. M. Y. Lin, & S. May (Eds.), The Handbook of Bilingual and Multilingual Education (pp. 223–240). Wiley-Blackwell.
Jegede, O. (2020). Translanguaging as a Pedagogical Strategy in Bilingual Primary Classrooms in Nigeria. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Dasar Indonesia, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.51574/judikdas.v4i1.2455
Krashen, S. D. (1982a). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Pergamon Press.
Krashen, S. D. (1982b). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Pergamon Press.
Liando, N. V. F., Tatipang, D. P., & Lengkoan, F. (2022). A Study of Translanguaging Practices in an EFL Classroom in Indonesian Context: A Multilingual Concept. Research and Innovation in Language Learning, 5(2), 167. https://doi.org/10.33603/rill.v5i2.6986
Liu, Y., & Fang, F. (2022). Translanguaging Theory and Practice: How Stakeholders Perceive Translanguaging as a Practical Theory of Language. RELC Journal, 53(2), 391–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688220939222
Padmadewi, N. N. (2017). Classroom communication strategies in EFL teaching. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Indonesia, 5(1), 45–53.
Padmadewi, N. N., Artini, L. P., & Ratminingsih, N. M. (2018). Teaching English as a foreign language in Indonesia. Undiksha Press.
Pakpahan, C. L. (2025). Teacher’s Translanguaging Practice in EFL Classroom Interaction in a Junior High School. TRANSFORM: Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 14(3), 146–153. https://doi.org/10.24114/tj.v14i3.68751
Petrovic, J. E., & Olmstead, S. (2001). Language, power, and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossfire, by J. Cummins. Bilingual Research Journal, 25(3), 405–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2001.10162800
Putrawan, G. E. (2022). Gede Eka Putrawan Translanguaging Practices in EFL Classrooms: Evidence From Indonesia Translanguaging Practices In EFL Classrooms: Evidence From Indonesia.
Rasmin, L. O., & Nur, S. (2023). Copyright©2023 La Ode Rasmin, Sahril Nur Translanguaging In EFL Classroom And Its Impact On Student’s Performance At A Secondary School Level: A Systematic Review. 7(1).
Ratminingsih, N. M. (2017). EFL teaching strategies in Indonesian context. Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Teaching, 112–118.
Ratminingsih, N. M., Artini, L. P., & Padmadewi, N. N. (2020). Interactive teaching strategies in EFL classrooms. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Undiksha, 8(1), 1–10.
Ratminingsih, N. M., Padmadewi, N. N., & Artini, L. P. (2018). Translanguaging in EFL classroom: Practices and functions. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Undiksha, 6(2), 101–110.
Ratminingsih, N. M., Padmadewi, N. N., & Artini, L. P. (2019). Teachers’ strategies in managing classroom interaction in EFL context. International Journal of Language Education, 3(2), 88–98.
Sari, M., & Syafryadin, S. (2024). Students’ Perception of Using Translanguaging Strategies in EFL Class Discussion. English Education: Jurnal Tadris Bahasa Inggris, 17(2), 233. https://doi.org/10.24042/ee-jtbi.v17i2.22565
Tai, K. W. H., & Wong, C. Y. C. (2023). Empowering Students Through the Construction of a Translanguaging Space in an English as a First Language Classroom. Applied Linguistics, 44(6), 1100–1151. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amac069
Thi Thu Ha, T., Thi Ngoc Phan, -Thach, & Hoang Anh, -Tran. (2021). The Importance of Translanguaging in Improving Fluency In Speaking Ability of Non-English Major Sophomores.
Tristin Puspitasari, P., & Sugirin, S. (2024). Translanguaging Used in Speaking Class of Non-Formal Education Program: Students’ and Teachers’ Perceptions. International Journal of Contemporary Studies in Education (IJ-CSE), 3(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.56855/ijcse.v3i1.885
Vogel, S., & García, O. (2017). Translanguaging. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.181
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press.
Wei, L. (2018a). Translanguaging as a Practical Theory of Language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx039
Wei, L. (2018b). Translanguaging as a Practical Theory of Language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx039
Published
2026-07-28
How to Cite
Rika Fitri Darmawan, Ni Wayan Surya Mahayanti, & Luh Gd Rahayu Budiarta. (2026). TRANSLANGUAGING AS STRATEGY IN IMPROVING INTERACTIONS IN EFL CLASS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS AND TEACHER IN SD N 5 KAMPUNG BARU. Journal Informatic, Education and Management (JIEM), 8(2), 945-953. https://doi.org/10.61992/jiem.v8i2.429
Section
Articles
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